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Botulism is a rare but potentially fatal disease caused by a toxin produced by bacteria Botulinum toxin. Recognizing its symptoms early and knowing how to prevent exposure can mean the difference between a quick recovery and a life-threatening emergency. In this article, you’ll learn how to spot the symptoms of botulism in adults and babies, understand its dangers, and find practical steps to reduce your risk at home.

What is botulism and how does it happen?

Botulism is a serious illness caused by the neurotoxin botulinum toxin, which attacks the nervous system and can lead to paralysis if left untreated. The bacteria are commonly found in soil and untreated water, and the toxins can contaminate food, wounds, or even be inhaled. Foodborne botulism is usually caused by eating improperly canned or preserved foods, while infant botulism occurs when a baby ingests spores (usually from honey or contaminated soil).

How botulism can be life-threatening

Botulinum toxin is one of the most potent toxins known, and even small amounts can cause serious illness. The toxin paralyzes muscles, starting in the face and moving down the body, eventually affecting the respiratory muscles. If left untreated, respiratory failure may occur, leading to death. For example, in Canada, 70% of botulism cases require mechanical ventilation, with seven deaths reported between 2006 and 2021. Prompt medical intervention is crucial.​

Symptoms of botulism in adults

Adults affected by botulism usually develop symptoms within 12 to 36 hours after exposure, but this may vary depending on the amount of toxin ingested. Early signs include:​

• Significant fatigue and weakness

• Blurred or double vision

• drooping eyelids

• Difficulty swallowing and speaking

• dry mouth

• muscle weakness, especially in the face and neck

• Nausea, vomiting, or abdominal pain

As the disease progresses, paralysis may spread to the arms, respiratory muscles, and lower body. Of note, there is usually no fever or loss of consciousness.​

Symptoms of infant botulism

Infants are particularly susceptible to botulism, with symptoms usually appearing within 18 to 36 hours of exposure. The first sign is usually constipation, followed by:​

• Sloppy action and poor head control

• weak cry

• drooping eyelids

• Drooling

• irritability

• difficulty sucking or feeding

The baby may also appear unusually tired or drowsy. Unlike adults, babies usually don’t experience vomiting or diarrhea, but their paralysis can progress rapidly.​

How to reduce your risk of botulism at home

Prevention of botulism begins with safe food handling and storage practices. Here are some practical tips:

• Avoid giving honey to children under one year old as it may contain spores.​

• Use proper canning techniques and discard any bulging, leaking or foul-smelling canned food.

• Refrigerate as much food as needed and eat leftovers promptly.

• When preparing homemade fermented or pickled foods, follow trusted recipes and safety guidelines.​

The Bottom Line on Botulism

Botulism is a rare but serious illness that requires immediate medical attention. Recognizing symptoms such as muscle weakness, difficulty swallowing, and blurred vision can save lives. It can be prevented by handling food carefully and avoiding dangerous foods, especially for babies. If you suspect botulism, seek emergency care immediately; early treatment is critical to recovery.

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